|
Cultural and
environmental factors associated with winter injury to apple trees in Quebec
Table
1. Data obtained on tree and rootstocks characteristic.
| Factors |
Rank/description
collected |
| Cultivar
name |
|
| Rootstock
name |
|
| No
of trees lost in 1993 |
for
the same cultivar/rootstock name |
| No
of trees lost in 1994 |
for
the same cultivar/rootstock name |
| Graft
type |
|
| Tree
age |
|
| Tree
vigor for the last 2-3 years or annual growth |
1=
very light, 5 = very vigorous (circle one) |
| Cropping |
1=
very weak, 5 = heavy cropping (circle one) |
| ~Yield
(1992) |
|
| ~Yield
(1993) |
|
| Harvesting
time in 1993 |
1=late
harvest, 2=early harvest, 3=not harvested |
| Did
tree have a pest problem |
|
| Mite,
pesticide used, date |
|
| Aphids,
pesticide used, date |
|
| Pest
#3, pesticide used, date |
|
| Did
tree have a disease problem |
|
| Scab,
Pesticide used, date |
|
| Disease
#2, Pesticide used, date |
|
| Disease
#3, Pesticide used, date |
|
| Did
tree have rodent damage |
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Table
2. Data obtained on cultural practices.
| Factors |
Use this condition only |
| Tree
location in orchard |
Use
Fig. 1 |
| Ground
cover type |
yes |
| Date
of ground cover cultivation |
|
| Last
cutting of ground cover |
approx.
date |
| Type
of ground cover around the trunk |
|
| Herbicide
use |
yes |
| Herbicide
brand, date of application |
|
| Date
of herbicide application |
|
| Foliar
Fertilizer used |
yes |
- Foliar
fertilizer
- 1-
- 2-
|
Date
of application, dose, brand |
- Fertilizer used
- 1-
- 2-
- 3-
|
Date
of application, dose, brand |
| Soil
N level |
|
| Summer
Pruning |
yes |
| Winter
pruning |
yes |
| Was
tree protected by a wind break |
yes |
| Planting
distance |
|
| Training
system |
|
| Was
tree protected by wind break |
yes |
| Fruit
thinning |
yes |
| Growth
regulators used |
yes |
| Soil
drainage |
good,
medium, bad |
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Table
3. Data obtained on environmental factors.
| Factors |
Use this condition only |
| Altitude |
will be
collected from the station |
| Latitude |
will be
collected from the station |
| Soil type |
soil sample,
or grower information |
| Min Temp |
will be
collected from the station |
| Max Temp |
will be
collected from the station |
| Orchard
Situation |
Use Fig 2. |
| Windy |
yes |
| Precipitation |
|
| Vicinity to
water |
distance from
a river or lake |
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Table
4. Mean percent mortality of cultivars relative to the total number of
planted trees/cultivar among orchards in different regions of Quebec.
|
Agricultural Region |
|
|
| Cultivars |
Laurentides |
Eastern Townships |
Québec |
South West of Montréal |
Montérégie |
All Regions |
Literature |
| Mutsu |
100.00 |
|
|
100.00 |
|
100.00 |
100.00 |
| Jonagold |
|
|
|
100.00 |
|
100.00 |
100.00 |
| Tydeman Red |
|
|
|
96.60 |
86.70 |
93.30 |
60.00 |
| Hume |
50.00 |
|
69.40 |
100.00 |
66.70 |
80.60 |
20.00 |
| Wealthy |
|
|
76.40 |
50.00 |
100.00 |
76.00 |
40.00 |
| Northern Spy |
68.90 |
|
|
75.00 |
|
72.00 |
60.00 |
| Fameuse |
|
100.00 |
53.30 |
90.00 |
43.30 |
64.80 |
90.00 |
| Golden Delicious |
57.90 |
48.00 |
|
64.40 |
85.80 |
64.00 |
80.00 |
| Golden Russet |
62.60 |
|
|
60.20 |
49.50 |
57.60 |
90.00 |
| Red Delicious |
57.00 |
48.80 |
|
64.60 |
50.70 |
57.10 |
100.00 |
| Wolf River |
3.30 |
|
|
63.60 |
|
53.60 |
60.00 |
| Bancroft |
8.30 |
|
100.00 |
|
50.00 |
52.80 |
60.00 |
| Close |
25.00 |
|
35.00 |
|
100.00 |
48.80 |
|
| Trent |
|
|
|
|
48.70 |
48.70 |
50.00 |
| Idared |
51.30 |
48.80 |
|
44.60 |
17.40 |
45.60 |
60.00 |
| Empire |
37.10 |
37.10 |
49.90 |
49.30 |
44.40 |
43.10 |
60.00 |
| Lawfam |
|
|
|
42.90 |
|
42.90 |
60.00 |
| Wellington |
|
|
|
|
40.00 |
40.00 |
40.00 |
| Vista Bella |
33.80 |
38.40 |
22.40 |
37.40 |
45.60 |
38.80 |
60.00 |
| Jersey Mac |
29.10 |
30.60 |
39.40 |
45.00 |
42.50 |
38.40 |
60.00 |
| Jonamac |
2.50 |
100.00 |
25.00 |
|
|
32.50 |
20.00 |
| Spartan |
20.40 |
25.90 |
26.00 |
38.90 |
37.80 |
31.70 |
20.00 |
| July Red |
|
10.00 |
|
37.00 |
|
31.60 |
60.00 |
| Quinte |
31.70 |
0.00 |
19.20 |
38.90 |
30.40 |
29.30 |
40.00 |
| Lodi |
20.70 |
16.20 |
|
38.80 |
35.10 |
29.10 |
40.00 |
| Liberty |
1.30 |
11.20 |
|
0.00 |
38.60 |
28.50 |
100.00 |
| Cortland |
15.50 |
27.00 |
21.20 |
31.40 |
34.60 |
27.70 |
20.00 |
| Rhode Island Greening |
36.70 |
2.50 |
|
|
27.00 |
26.00 |
60.00 |
| Royal Gala |
3.20 |
|
|
|
69.20 |
25.20 |
60.00 |
| Paulared |
12.00 |
21.40 |
22.80 |
38.30 |
27.80 |
24.30 |
40.00 |
| Red Cort |
5.00 |
72.80 |
|
1.30 |
17.30 |
24.00 |
60.00 |
| McIntosh |
18.00 |
25.80 |
25.20 |
22.90 |
26.60 |
23.70 |
20.00 |
| Lobo |
9.60 |
25.90 |
16.30 |
37.60 |
24.50 |
21.90 |
40.00 |
| MacSpur |
24.80 |
17.90 |
|
|
19.50 |
21.60 |
20.00 |
| Jaune Transparent |
10.50 |
50.00 |
14.50 |
60.00 |
23.70 |
20.50 |
80.00 |
| Melba |
13.90 |
13.50 |
8.00 |
26.20 |
22.20 |
16.80 |
20.00 |
| Pommetiers |
10.00 |
|
|
|
18.80 |
14.40 |
20.00 |
| McIntosh Summerland |
10.60 |
|
|
|
8.00 |
9.30 |
20.00 |
| Melrose |
0.00 |
|
|
|
13.50 |
6.80 |
20.00 |
| Early Geneva |
|
5.70 |
|
|
0.00 |
2.80 |
60.00 |
| Average |
23.10 |
28.50 |
25.60 |
41.90 |
34.10 |
|
Return to Results
Table
5. Analysis of variance of data obtained by FPPQ from five agricultural
regions in Quebec.
| Sources of variation |
df |
Mean square |
F value |
prob > F |
| Cultivar |
39 |
8191.10 |
9.40 |
0.0001 |
| Rootstock |
9 |
2335.60 |
2.70 |
0.0043 |
| Region |
4 |
24078.40 |
27.60 |
0.0001 |
| Cultivar*Rootstock |
120 |
1018.20 |
1.20 |
0.1108 |
| Cultivar*Region |
90 |
489.40 |
0.60 |
0.9997 |
| Rootstock*Region |
28 |
1355.50 |
1.60 |
0.0326 |
- Cultivar*
- Rootstock
- *Region interaction
|
121 |
542.90 |
0.60 |
0.9995 |
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Table
6. Mean percent mortality of rootstocks relative to the total number of
planted trees/rootstocks among orchards in different regions of Quebec.
| Agricultural Region |
O 3 |
M9 |
M7 |
M26 |
MM106 |
MM111 |
Standard |
Malus Robusta 5 |
Number of observations |
| Laurentides |
55.6
ab |
27.6
bc |
24.6
bc |
26.1
bc |
22.2
bc |
9.0
c |
18.8
c |
60.0
a |
554 |
| Eastern
Townships |
|
|
33.6
a |
26.1
ab |
25.4
ab |
11.7
c |
26.1
ab |
40.3
a |
209 |
| Quebec |
34.9
a |
|
29.7
a |
21.1
ab |
16.4
c |
12.5
ab |
25.4
ab |
20.4
ab |
223 |
| South
West Montreal |
|
|
42.5
a |
34.1
ab |
47.8
a |
48.4
a |
44.2
a |
47.6
a |
388 |
| Montérégie |
16.7
c |
17.9
c |
38.0
a |
34.8
a |
17.1
c |
31.7
a |
30.6
a |
22.2
ab |
916 |
| Frequency
orchard |
43.0 |
23.0 |
30.0 |
35.0 |
27.0 |
27.0 |
29.0 |
35.0 |
|
| Range |
39.20 |
9.70 |
20.30 |
14.50 |
31.40 |
39.40 |
25.40 |
39.60 |
|
Percent mortality calculated as = (total number
of dead trees for a cultivar/rootstock / total number of planted trees per
cultivar/rootstock)*100.
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Table
7. Observed frequency of orchards and percentages of mortality on four
groups of rootstocks based on planting distance.
| Frequency |
Dwarf |
Semi
dwarf |
Semi
vigorous' |
Vigorous |
Very
vigorous |
| Orchard |
46.00 |
41.00 |
34.00 |
13.00 |
19.00 |
| %mortality |
30.10 |
26.80 |
22.20 |
8.5 |
12.40 |
Legend: Dwarf = 6'12' x 12'23'; Semi-dwarf
= 10'15' x 15'25'; Semi-vigorous = 12'19' x 20'30'; Vigorous = 20'25' x 25'30'; Very vigorous = 25'30' x
30'35'
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Figures
1 & 2
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|
